Cinema as an instrument of Nationalism

Cinema as an instrument of Nationalism Cloaks in the colours of soil: Cinema as an instrument of Nationalism The paper aims to highlight the role of cinema in constructing and reconstructing the nationalism of a state. In doing so the paper is divided into three parts. In the first part, I shall conceptualize the notions of nationalism and popular culture with the help of academic sources and then shall try to formulate a link between these two concepts and shall analyse how these are correlated. In the second chapter, I shall explain the role of cinema in constructing and reconstructing the beliefs, practices and objects associated with a popular culture and how these constructions and reconstructions are accepted into a nationalistic discourse. In the final section, to strengthen my previous debate I shall analyse two films, one from India Dil Se (1998) and one from Yugoslavia Underground (1995), to argue that cinema works as an instrument of nationalism through its devices by influencing the consciousness of audiences and results in construction of a nation. Conceptualizing the link between Nationalism and Popular Culture Andrew Vincent describes the nationalism as an ideology that ‘makes national self-consciousness, ethnic or linguistic identity into central planks of a doctrine which seeks political expression† (Vincent, 2010:227). The ethno-linguistic identities are elements of culture associated with a nation, therefore, the nation as an entity is a blend of â€Å"culture and psycho political factors† (Heywood, 2003: 134). Therefore, nationalism has a link with the culture and to be more specific with popular culture. Popular culture has its roots in ‘‘’folk’ or ‘popular’ beliefs, practices, and objects rooted in local traditions as well as mass beliefs, practices, and objects generated from political and commercial centres† (Mukerji Schudson, 1986: 48). Sanjeev Kumar explains popular culture as a â€Å"collective experience† of a society that formulates â€Å"a symmetrical feeling of common tastes† (Kumar, 2013:458). T hese common tastes further give rise to political ideas as many scholars believe that â€Å"popular culture plays a crucial role in mobilizing political action† (Mukerji Schudson, 1986: 47). This political action can be defined as a projection of nationalistic feelings or nationalism. Ernest Gellner in his modernist theory on nationalism and nation asserted the importance of shared common culture in formulating the nationalism of a particular nation by eroding the â€Å"rigid social structures† and argued that ‘nations are products of nationalism, and not vice versa† (OLeary, 1997) (Walicki, 1998). A similar argument can be found in the constructivist perspective of nation that see nations as â€Å"constructs† (Walicki, 1998). Therefore, a nation is not a substance, but the product of a historical process, and a social, political and cultural construct that represent the collects of a nation. The collective consciousness of the nation is described as nationalism. It is important to note that it is not necessary that the beliefs that make up the rhetoric of nationalism are based on historical facts. As many scholars such as Benedict Anderson, David Miller and Anthony D. Smith believes that â€Å"misrepresentation of historical facts† plays significant role in the constitution of nation building and thus â€Å"national identity is often based on false or, worse still, intentionally misleading beliefs†(Tamir, 1995). Cinema as an Instrument of Nationalism In almost every state there is a â€Å"national cinema† that makes films for the masses of that particular state (Walsh, 1996). To attract audiences these films are made by keeping in mind the popular culture of the masses. Cinema like other type of mass media carries meanings and symbols that not only represent beliefs, practices and objects of a particular popular culture associated with a nation, but also structure the process of nation building by influencing the popular culture through reconstruction of these beliefs, practices, and objects. Walsh (1996) characterizes these meanings and symbols as â€Å"national imaginary†. This process leaves an impact on the psyche of the audience and thus influence the collective consciousness of the nation- nationalism. Thus, â€Å"Internalization† of these meanings and symbols into discourse of nationalism happens through national cinema (Walsh, 1996). One way to understand this phenomenon is through focusing on the identity politics of a nation. Identity is a sense of belonging to a particular group that can lead to the possibility of a nationhood. Through this identity individuals of a nation distinguish themselves from individuals of another nation. Thus the collective identity of a group is defined by distinguishing others as foreign. This process can also be utilized against the minority groups within a state. Sanjeev Kumar conceptualizes this as the practice of â€Å"othering† (Kumar, 2013). As he further highlights with the help of a case study of Indian cinema that cinema plays a vital role in offering Muslim minority. Cinema plays a dynamic role in identity formation by reconstructing the beliefs, practices and objects associated with a national identity. Therefore, a â€Å"national imaginary† is created in which some meanings and symbols are promoted and some are subordinated to define identity Furthermore, cinema with its tools also define and reconstruct the geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of a nation. And these reconstructions are internalized through psychological effects on the collective consciousness of the masses. As Shohat and Stam (1994) with the help of psychoanalysis argue that cinema plays an importance role in acceptance of these recreated imaginary by â€Å"efficiently mobilize[ing] desire in ways responsive to nationalized and imperialized notions of time, plot and history†. Further, they argue that cinema â€Å"homologize† the nation because of collective consumption by the masses and with the help of Benedict Anderson’s argument they declare that â€Å"The nation of course is not a desiring person but a fictive unity imposed on an aggregate of individuals, yet national histories are presented as if they displayed the continuity of the subject-writ-large† (Shohat Stam, 1994). Dil Se (1998) This film attempts to revisit the ideological underpinnings of India after 50 years of independence. The film starts with two extreme positions: Indian nationalism and the nationalism of sub national entities. The protagonist, who is the program executive for All India Radio strolls through North East and Kashmir in an attempt to understand the rationale behind insurgencies and separatist movements in those regions and finds out that insurgents blame Indian government for the poverty and human rights violations and thus justify their violent means to achieve independence. As being a patriotic Indian with a military background he is not convinced by the reasoning of the insurgents and is swayed that Pakistan is helping these movements. Meanwhile, he falls in love with a girl who is a terrorist in disguise and chases her throughout the film. The high point of the movie is the scene where the protagonist learns the real identity of his lover, who is going to attack the parade on the 50t h anniversary of Republic Day, and confronts her and questions her motives. The girl reveals that she had been a rape victim in theKunan Poshpora incidentand that her soul seeks deliverance through hersuicide attack on Republic Day. At this juncture, he replies to her â€Å"you cannot kill innocent people because of the wrongdoing of some people†. It is noteworthy that when this film was released, India was using brutal military force against pro-independence movements and was under much international criticism. The film tries to limit the whole question of pro-independence movements as an issue of governance rather than ideological, cultural or historical as the director makes the insurgents to say so in the beginning of the film. It also puts the responsibility on â€Å"some people† rather than Indian State thus the enemy is â€Å"some people† that exploit their position and force common Indian to pick the gun. This is â€Å"misrepresentation of historical facts† that I mentioned earlier. In addition, it also subordinates the notion of violence and promotes the notion of love as the suicide bomber girl chooses love over violence in the closing scene. Therefore, Indian identity is reconstructed by distinguishing individuals on this principal. This film also attempts to define geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of Indian nation by creating â€Å"national imaginary†. To define geographical boundaries the film portrays many locations such as Ladakh, Kashmir, North East, Delhi, Kerala and Bengal etc. Ideological boundaries are defined in term of the subject of the film as throughout the movie there is no mention or visualization of the religious origins of violence. Such as the religious identities of terrorists are not indicated. Even their oath that they repeat throughout the film is secular in nature. Thus, this film emphasizes the secular nature of Indian nationalism. Cultural boundaries are defined in term of lyrics, music and choreography that range from work of Bullay Shah to Mirza Ghalib and from South Indian exotic dance to gypsy dance on a moving train. In doing so the film gives the notion that despite insurgencies and separatist movements this whole sphere and its tastes constitute India and thus tries to evoke the sense of belonging to the land in audiences’ consciousness. Underground (1995) This film was produced during Balkan crisis of 1990s during which the former republic of Yugoslavia exploded. The narrative and imaginary of the film indicates that the director Emir Kushturica is still stuck with the dream of the old republic of Yugoslavia as one film critic notes â€Å"if growing up implies the death of the past, there is no area in which Kushturica refuses to grow up. He refuses to believe that his homeland, the country formerly called Yugoslavia, no longer exists† (Yarovskaya, 1997-1998). Therefore, the whole effort of Kushturica is to project the notion of Yugoslavian nationhood on screen and tell the world what went wrong. He does so through historical and psychoanalytical devices in which he blends the history with the lives of main characters Marko and Blacky. The film goes through three eras: World War 2, post-war reconstruction during Tito’s regime and Yugoslav wars. In the first part, the film promotes the idea of â€Å"Brotherhood and Unity† that was the official ideology of Yugoslavia and shows that how with this guiding principal Yugoslavs fought against Nazi power and succeeded. At this juncture, the director introduces enemy that is human desire for power rooted in the subconscious. The film further divides desire into two parts: sexual desire and destructive desire (Yarovskaya, 1997-1998). The next chapter shows the struggle between conscious and subconscious through symbols. The main characters Marko and Blacky are symbols of the subconscious that wanted to grab power and the character of Natalija is a symbol for power. Marko is a symbol of sexual desire and Blacky is a symbol of destructive desire. During this struggle in order to get Natalija Marko makes other characters that are symbols of consciousness, and Blac ky believe that war is still going on so they must hide themselves in an underground cellar and produce guns for the resistance. The revolutionary meaning of underground is resistance and psychological meaning is â€Å"collective consciousness† (Yarovskaya, 1997-1998). On ground level the film portrays the corrupt regime of Tito that grows out of power seeking subconscious. In this regime Marko is right hand man of Tito and an arms dealer. After the death of Tito Yugoslavia starts to disintegrate and soon civil war erupts. Meanwhile, characters that are symbols of collective consciousness come out of hiding and see ruins of their dream by the hand of symbols of the subconscious. Disheartened, some characters commit suicide and others resort themselves to a parallel Yugoslavia that is shown through a sequence of underground tunnels that is inhabited by refugees, Yugoslav warriors and UN peacekeepers. The character of Blacky that is the symbol for destructive desire becomes a warlord and contribute to the Civil war. Therefore, with this film Emir Kushturica tries to promote the guiding principle of â€Å"Brotherhood and Unity† that helped Yugoslavs to win the war, but soon the human desire for power changed the whole Yugoslav society and it became unrecognizable by the time of death of Tito. After the death of Tito destructive desire was unleashed and thus resulted in the Yugoslav Wars. Conclusion Therefore, it is argued that cinema construct and restructure the notion of identity of a nation and define and reconstruct the geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of a nation through the creation of â€Å"national imaginary† and influence masses by mobilizing desire of nationhood and thus results in homologizing a nation. As a result, cinema works as an instrument of nationalism through its devices by influencing the consciousness of audiences. The analysis of two films strengthen this argument. The first film Dil Se not only justifies military operations against insurgents through â€Å"misrepresentation of historical facts† but also portrays insurgents as murderers of innocent people. This film also attempts to reconstruct Indian identity by subordinating the notion of violence and promoting the notion of love. It also attempts to define geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of Indian nation by creating â€Å"national imaginary† and tries to evoke sense of belonging to land in audiences’ consciousness. The other film, Underground, promotes and justifies the idea of Yugoslavian nationhood by showing Yugoslav resistance against Nazi Germany. It also attempts to explain the breakup of Yugoslavia by putting all the responsibility on power seeking desire of humans rather than on republic, thus it evokes the desire of belonging to old republic of Yugoslavia in audiences’ consciousness. Bibliography Heywood, A. (2003). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Mukerji, Chandra Schudson, Michael. (1986). Popular Culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 12:47-66. OLeary, Brendan. (1997). On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellners Writings on Nationalism. British Journal of Political Science, 27(2): 91-222. Ringmar, E. (1998). Nationalism: The Idiocy of Intimacy. The British Journal of Sociology, 49(4): 534-549. Shohat, Ella Stam, Robert, (1994). Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media. New York: Routledge. Tamir, Yael. (1995). The Enigma of Nationalism (Review of the Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson: Five Roads to Modernity by LIah Greenfeld; National Identity by Anthony D. Smith). World Politics, 47(3): 418-440. .Vincent, A. (2010). Modern Political Ideologies. West Sussex: Wiley. Walicki, Andrzej. (1998). Ernest Gellner and the Constructivist Theory of Nation. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 22: 611-619 Walsh, Michael. (1996). National Cinema, National Imaginary: Film History, 8(1): 5-17. Yarovskaya, Marianna. (1997-1998). Underground by Emir Kushturica; Pierre Spengler (Review of the Underground by Emir Kushturica). Film Quarterly, 51(2): 50-54.

Theories of Language Evolution

ASSIGNMENTS B. Com General – 1st Semester Subject Name: Language – Functional English Subject code: BCC 101 Summer Drive 2012 4 credits (60 marks) (BKID: B1294) Set 1 1. What is the difference between the theories of language evolution? 1. 2. 3 Language evolution and memes It is possible to imagine numerous potential scenarios by which language might have evolved as a purely biological adaptation. However, Susan Blackmore, reveals a different theory of language evolution in her book The Meme Machine.She proposes that it evolved for the sake of being a characteristic of a culture (memes), not as an adaptation for the benefit of genes. Susan says that memes first came into existence with the advent of true imitation in humans, which allowed the former to spread through populations. Recalling production of new copies or that fecundity is necessary for a replicator. She also said that the language came into existence to serve the purpose of being a mechanism for improving t he fecundity of memes. Sound transmission has many advantages for the purpose – sounds can be heard by multiple listeners and can be used even at night.After sound transmission (proto-language) came into existence, the â€Å"digitalization† of language into discrete words arose as a mechanism for ensuring meme fidelity, or lack of errors in the new copies. She explains that those alterations that produce the most copies of the highest fidelity will be those that predominate, thus improving the language. Blackmore goes on to suggest that grammar was an adaptation to improve the fecundity and fidelity of existing memes; its recursive structure then provided the framework for the development of more complex memes, which then favored the existence of more complex grammar, etc. n a self-sustaining process. Furthermore, language then began to exert pressure on the genes, creating a selection pressure toward bigger brains that are better at language. If people prefer to mate with those possessing the best or most memes, then the genes that allowed those people to be good meme-spreaders will be differentially transmitted into the next generation. This process again leads to a self-catalytic process of brain evolution that places a strong survival and reproductive advantage on those most capable of meme transmission.Finally, Blackmore believes that language is an unavoidable result of the existence of memes, which follow naturally from the ability to imitate (an ability that is, surprisingly, realized in very few species). She states, â€Å"Verbal language is almost an inevitable result of memetic selection. First, sounds are a good candidate for high-fecundity transmission of behaviour. Second, words are an obvious way to digitise the process and so increase its fidelity. Third, grammar is a next step for increasing fidelity and fecundity yet again, and all of these will aid memorability and hence longevity†. 2.What are the common mistakes done wh ile writing declarative sentences? Give examples of each of them. 2. 5. 3 Statement A statement is also known by the name of a declarative sentence. This type of sentence simply states a fact, an argument or an idea, without requiring any answer or action from the reader. It does not give a command or request, nor does it ask a question. There are two types of statements, viz. 1. Unconditional statement 2. Conditional statement Let us understand both of them one by one. 1. Unconditional Statement: These are the statements without any condition in them. Example, a) Marina plays the piano. (b) I think you will pass. (c) I have forgotten his name. (d) She asked which drink I preferred. 2. Conditional Statement: These are the statements with a condition(s) in a clause accompanied by the main clause which shows the action. The conditional statements are of three types: (a) The open conditional statement. (b) The hypothetical conditional statement. (c) The unfulfilled hypothetical stateme nt. Let us understand each of them one by one. (a) The open conditional statement: This type of statement generally refers to a future event which is conditional on another future event.The verb of the conditional clause is in the simple present tense and the verb of the main clause is in the future tense (usually with â€Å"will†). Example, 1. If I sleep too much, my eyelids swell. 2. My eyelids swell if I sleep too much. 3. Only if the entire team works fast, we'll finish the work today. 4. We will not finish the work today if the entire team does not work fast. 5. We will not finish the work today unless the entire team works fast. Occasionally, the open conditional statement describes a situation or an instance which is dependent on another instance (given in the conditional clause).In this case, both verbs are in the present tense. Example, 1. If I sleep well at night, I feel much relaxed in the morning. 2. If it rains, I enjoy it a lot. Sometimes, „if? is replaced by „when?. „If? implies that the condition is really open and may not be fulfilled, while „when? implies that the condition will be fulfilled and event will certainly take place. Example, 1. I will sing when you dance. 2. I shall have my lunch when the bell rings. (b) The hypothetical conditional statement: The hypothetical conditional statement refers to a possible future situation which depends on another possible future situation.The verb of the main clause uses the present conditional tense (would + infinitive, or could + infinitive) and the verb of the conditional clause normally uses the present subjunctive. Sometimes, the conditional aspect of the statement can be emphasized by using the form were + to + infinitive. Example, 1. If you slept well at night, you would be relaxed in the morning. 2. You would be relaxed in the morning if you slept well at night. 3. Only if the entire team worked fast, we could finish the work that day. 4. We would not finish the work that day if the entire team did not work fast. 5.We would not finish the work that day unless the entire team worked fast. 6. If the entire team were to work fast, we could finish the work that day. Sometimes the statements use the open hypothetical form, though it is clearly quite impossible. In such cases, the main clause uses would/could+ verb form. Example, 1. If I were you, I would never go there. 2. My teacher told me that I would definitely improve my scores if I worked harder. (c) The unfulfilled hypothetical statement: The unfulfilled hypothetical statement refers to a situation which an event might have taken place, but did not, because a condition was not fulfilled.The verb of the main clause goes 3. What do you mean by passive voice? 3. 2. 2 Passive voice The active voice is the â€Å"normal† voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. In this lesson we look at how to construct the passive voice, whe n to use it and how to blend it. The structure of the passive voice is very simple: subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle) The main verb is always in its past participle form. [pic] Though usually active voice is given preference over the others, it does not mean that passive voice should not be used.But you should use it only in the following instances: †¢ In order to intentionally make something true so as to minimize the guilt of the subject. For example, †¢ A cheating wife might respond, â€Å"Yes, adultery was committed by me. † †¢ In order to intentionally hide the subject of the sentence. For example, †¢ A political leader might say, â€Å"Mistakes were made. † †¢ In order to make passive voice better emphasize the main point of the passage. For example, Children were harmed by unlicensed cab drivers Note that we always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are eaten by cats). The passive voice is less usual.L ook at this sentence: He was killed with a bullet. Normally we use by to introduce the passive object. But the bullet is not the active subject. The bullet did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a bullet. In the active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a bullet. The bullet is the instrument. Somebody is the â€Å"agent† or â€Å"doer†. Conjugation for the passive voice Passive can be made in any tense. If we pay attention, we will find that the conjugation of verbs in the passive tense is rather easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is always be.To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary verb. So, for example: †¢ Present simple: It is made. †¢ Present continuous: It is being made. †¢ Present perfect: It has been made. 4. 2 Concepts of Vocabulary Building Each of us stands testimony to the fact that it is an essential prerequisite to have a good vocabulary in order to communicate e ffectively. There are many ways to improve our vocabulary. Some of them are as under: 1. Flash Cards: Flash cards are an excellent method of reviewing both old and new vocabulary words.Not only are they the best way to learn vocabulary, you may also use them in other ways. For example, key ideas may be written out and reviewed. In addition, declensions such as the article can be put on a card for easy reviewing. These types of cards will need to be larger than 2† x 4†. A full size index card would work for these purposes. Let us make a flash card now. (a) On the front of the flash card: Write a vocabulary word, and only the word, neatly on the front of the card. Center the word both horizontally and vertically, and be sure to keep the front of the card free from extra markings, smudges or doodles. b) On the upper left corner of the back of the flash card: On the reverse side, the information side of the flash card, write a definition for the word in the upper left corner . Make sure you write the definition in your own words. This is the key. If you write a dictionary definition, you will be less likely to remember what the word means! (c) On the upper right corner of the back of the flash card: Write the part of speech in the upper right corner of the info side. Make sure you understand what the part of speech means before writing it down. Then, colour-code it. Highlight the part of speech with one colour.When you make another flashcard with another part of speech, you'll use a different colour. Make all the nouns yellow, all the verbs blue, etc. Your mind remembers colours really well, so you'll start to associate colour with the part of speech, and you'll have an easier time remembering how the word functions in a sentence. (d) On the lower left corner of the back of the flash card: Use the vocabulary word in a sentence you will remember. Make the sentence steamy, hillarious, or creative in some other way. If you write a bland sentence, your chan ces of remembering what the word means go way down.Example of a memorable sentence: My pompous ex-boyfriend used to think he could get any girl he wanted, until he met my friend Mandy, who laughed at his conceited self in front of the entire school. Example of a non-memorable sentence: The king, whose pompous heads-of-state were trying to dethrone, decided to flee the country to save his own life. (e) On the lower right corner of the back of the flash card: Draw a small picture/graphic to go with the vocabulary word. It doesn't have to be artistic – just something that reminds you of the definition.For the word â€Å"pompous,† or â€Å"conceited†, maybe you'd draw a stick person with his nose in the air. Why? You remember pictures much better than words, which is the reason you can't write anything on the front of the card besides the vocabulary word – you'd remember the design and associate it with the definition instead of associating the word with the definition. Repeat this process for every one of your vocabulary words, until you have a deck of flash cards. 2. Rote method (repetition): This is something that we all hate. Rote the new words up to remember them. But isn’t it the way we used to learn new words in the childhood?So remember, when no other methods work, you should not hesitate to resort to the time tested rote method. 3. Self dictionary: We hear and read new words all the time but rarely do we take the time to look them up. When you hear an unfamiliar word, jot it down and take the time to look it up later. 4. Word games: There are many games that can be played online. It not only serves as a way to entertain but at the same time, develops your vocabulary. Some of the examples of such games are Word Search, Cross Words, Hang Mouse, Quiz, Match Game, Scramble, Letter Blocks, etc. 5.Visualisation: At times there are very difficult words that can’t be learnt by any method else than visualization. Words can be related with something familiar and funny so that it can be remembered. 6. Reading: Read a lot. The experience of encountering unfamiliar words in print is remarkably instructive. First, because you're already engaged in reading something, you are arguably more motivated to learn a new word so that you better understand what you're voluntarily reading. Second, you have come across the word organically rather than artificially (i. e. in a vocabulary list).You'll pick up new words – and clarify meanings of words already in your toolkit – by exposing yourself to them in their, shall we say, natural habitat. The context will enrich your attempt to build a better vocabulary. Diversity of topics is important: Read some natural science stuff, applied science stuff, contemporary literature, Shakespeare, Psychology book and then consume a humorous work. Varied reading will sharpen both general and subject-specific vocabularies. A manger may not feel the utility of subjects like History, Philosophy, Biology, Travel, Anthropology, Linguistics, Art, Gender Studies, Politics, etc.But a mind that knows varied fields has a rich vocabulary as well as is respected everywhere. You don't have to be an expert in all disciplines to build a meaty vocabulary, but you do need to be a well-informed reader who is confident and comfortable reading on topics outside your areas of immediate expertise. 7. Interact in English: All said and done, we must try to improve our spoken English so as to write better. The more we speak in English, the better it would be for us to improve our vocabulary. 5. Decide which parts of speech are the underlined words: i.You have to believe in yourself if you ever expect to be successful at something. – Pronoun ii. We left for the mountain just before six in the morning. – Verb iii. We first went to the store to buy a few things. – Preposition iv. We had a breakfast at a cafe near the rail station. – Noun v. My f riend wasn't strong enough to lift his heavy rucksack. – Adjective vi. I helped him carry it. – Pronoun vii. The weather was very cold. – Adverb viii. My friend said, â€Å"Oh! What a cold weather! † – Interjection ix. We didn't spend the night there. – Adverb x. We got back home late at night but we didn't go to sleep immediately.We were very hungry. – Conjunction. 6. Fill in the blanks with these words: against, at, like, on, to, up, with, near, for. i. She is doing a degree course __at__a university. ii. We had to climb slowly ___up__ the hill. iii. His house looks __like___ a temple. iv. Don't lean that ladder ___ against __ the wall. v. My house is quite ___ near __ to your school. vi. A university is where you study ___ for __ a degree. vii. He sometimes quarrels ___ with __ the neighbour. viii. Her next birthday will be __on__ a Sunday. ix. My father has a car __like__ yours. x. The mob stoned her __to__ death.

Purchasing The Best Toefl Essay Samples

Purchasing The Best Toefl Essay Samples Trained writers aren't only trained in writing, but in addition in adhering to the site's guidelines as soon as it comes to supplying services to clients. An individual should not judge someone by external appearances. It is very important to remember that you'll be tied for the moment. You'll also learn to manage your time when appearing in the exam. If you aren't 100% sure in regards to the things above, then do not utilize it. Fortunately, it's also much less common. Ideally, you ought to have accessibility to samples of all four components of the test so you know what things to expect. The essay has to be typed, so test-takers ought to be familiarized with a computer keyboard. It is crucial to compose an essay in view of the academic standards and, at the exact same time, it has to be a TOEFL piece of writing. It can likewise be helpful to review other TOEFL writing samples to receive a better idea about what a good TOEFL essay appears like. When you finish your TOEFL test, your writing has to be evaluated. A great prep book can be absolutely the most important study tool you use, and we've got information on all the ideal TOEFL prep books you should think about. Honest, dedicated practice is far more useful and potent. You shouldn't utilize statistics since you won't be in a position to research during the exam. The lecture follows the very same pattern, with the principal points matching up with the principal points in the reading passage. Don't immediately begin writing. A sampling of expected topics for the speaking part of the exam. As stated above, one of the methods where the examiner judges your vocabulary is the way many topic certain words you use. Even if you believe a specific portion of the exam will be easier for you than the others, you still need to intend on looking at some sample questions so that you know what things to expect. It's best if you do some reading each day in order to develop your abilities. You may also decide to only practice the independent und ertaking, if that's what you need to concentrate on. Who Else Wants to Learn About the Best Toefl Essay Samples? Despite the fact that the price of living is higher in the city than it's in a rural area, people who are employed in the city generally have much higher salaries. With the aid of technology, life is easier today than before. Even still, you will never be able to replace your very best friends and family. My family and friends and all the things that I need are here. Key Pieces of the Best Toefl Essay Samples The Integrated Writing task was created to examine the capacity of students to understand information, which came from various sources. You'll be taught by industry experts who've been helping students get ready for the test for many decades. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Some people think that university students should be asked to attend classes. If you're feeling overwhelmed just keep in mind that you're being tested on your capacity to comprehend and use the English language. For instance, the vast majority of Americans now have their own private computers. There are two or three different means by which you might structure an essay like, but the simplest one could possibly be the very best. Other individuals firmly feel that being taught by a teacher is always the best thing. The New Angle On the Best Toefl Essay Samples Just Released Below are a couple of the best. Writing about a different topic is a simple means to receive a very low score. Use certain reasons to come up with your essay. You may be asked to compose an essay about technology, education, media, family members, or another subject. The majority of the questions are on current topics, therefore staying updated with what's going on in the world will truly help you think of ideas. Since there's no other side to cope with, you have more time to spell out the 1 topic you chose. Duolingo is a favorite and completely free site that assists you to learn languages.

Dinosaur - 727 Words

Dinosaur Dinosaurs: Extinct or Natural Causes As geologic time goes, all the dinosaurs living on earth suddenly disappeared. How did these dominated and gigantic creatures really die? Was it a slow extinction through natural causes, or did it happen suddenly? These questions give rise to many different beliefs on how the dinosaurs disappeared over sixty-five million years ago. Something happened sixty-five million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period that was so devastating that it altered the course of life on earth. Extinction is easily defined: the birth rate fails to keep up with the death rate. However, the definition does not answer the question about the nature or causes of extinction. Since so many†¦show more content†¦A massive eruption may have saturated the atmosphere with carbon dioxide so the that a sharp rise in temperature occurred worldwide. The excessive carbon dioxide would have permitted solar energy to enter the atmosphere but would have blocked the radiation of most surface heat back into space, causing the â€Å"greenhouse effect†. rising temperatures could have killed off or reduced the activity of plankton, disrupting food chains and also disrupting the plankton’s normal role in converting carbon dioxide to oxygen through photosynthesis. It would have taken long for dinosaurs to become extinct. Dinosaurs may have also killed themselves. It is possible that they consumed poison from plants. The emergence of flowering plants could have poisoned them. These plants contained alkaloids. Smaller animals with lesser appetites could have survived the doses, but perhaps the dinosaur could not. Most mammals are smart enough to avoid these poison ness plants because of the bitter taste. The dinosaurs, however, may have not had the sense or the liver. They could not taste the bitterness or detoxify the ingested substances. This theory is not scientifically significant because there is no way of telling if the dinosaurs could taste, or how their digestive system worked. What if it wasn’t the dinosaurs that caused their own extinction, but something greater? Species of animals that have survived for millions of years have to be well adapted to their environment or theyShow MoreRelatedDinosaurs : Dinosaurs And Dinosaurs958 Words   |  4 PagesThere were over 1,000 different species of dinosaurs (â€Å"Dinosaurs†) that lived and evolved for almost 185 million years (â€Å"Dinosaur Facts†). Dinosaurs were some of the largest and most mysterious creatures to walk the Earth. Dinosaurs have helped scientists to understand the Earth and it s past by studying different types, how they lived, their characteristics and what caused their mass extinction. When, where and how did dinosaurs live? Dinosaurs arose around 200 million years ago and lived andRead MoreDinosaurs : What Are Dinosaurs?1619 Words   |  7 PagesPart A: What are Dinosaurs? Dinosaurs are land-dwelling reptiles that once roamed the Earth and the word comes from a Greek word that means terrible lizard. Dinosaurs are defined by their skeleton features, particularly the way they hold the limbs. Dinosaurs limbs support them from beneath, (like a horse), while modern-day reptiles (such as crocodiles and lizards) limbs come out from the sides. Dinosaur are a diverse species ranging in different shapes and sizes and were able to survive in a varietyRead MoreThe Fall Of Dinosaurs By Dinosaurs2185 Words   |  9 Pages 4/26/2016 English 12 Ms. Hous The fall of Dinosaurs It is hard to imagine that millions of years ago, the Earth was not dominated by humans, but by Dinosaurs. These great Beast’s, who were as big or bigger than cars, roamed the land. Some were giant killing machines, like the Tyrannosaurus Rex.Some are even alive today, while many people do not even notice. There have been countless theories as to how the dinosaurs became extinct. The dinosaurs ruled the land for millions of years, and it seemsRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Dinosaur Extinction Of Dinosaurs867 Words   |  4 PagesBefore the time of humans, dinosaurs ruled the Earth. These creatures were the greatest predators until they stopped roaming the planet. Dinosaurs died 65 million years ago at the close of the Cretaceous period. Of course, we are not exactly sure what ended the reign of the dinosaur since humans were not around at the time. However, scientists came up with countless possible theories on how dinosaurs demised. A few of the crazier theories include alien abduction or dinosaurs never existed. CertainRead MoreThe Extinction of The Dinosaurs1262 Words   |  6 PagesExtinction of Dinosaurs Many different theories exist as to why the dinosaurs went extinct. We know for sure most dinosaurs died out around 65 million years ago. The majority of scientists agree on a number of theories as to what brought the end of the dinosaurs. The most popular theory is that an asteroid ended the reign of the dinosaurs. Another theory, massive climate change in the pre-historic atmosphere, caused all the dinosaurs to die. Some scientists believe that mammals out competed dinosaurs forRead MoreDinosaurs Are Awesome526 Words   |  2 PagesI still want to see how different earth was during that time so I could confirm and add to the overall knowledge about the dinosaurs. The Cretaceous time period was the last time period in which dinosaurs are seen. This time period spanned from 144 million years ago (mya) to 66 mya; right after the Jurassic time period and before the Tertiary. This is a time when dinosaurs were at their height with many thousands of different species known or yet to be identified. Our earliest ancestors were smallRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Dinosaur865 Words   |  4 PagesZhenyuanlong Suni was dinosaur that was officially announced on July 2015 when the official scientific report (written by the paleontologist who studied it) was published. The dinosaur was given it’s name after Zhenyuan Sun who took it’s fossils for a deep study upon being discovered by a local farmer. The fossils were taken to Jinzhou Paleontological Museum by Zhenyuan Sun for further examination. The specimen was further studied by paleontologists Stephen Brusatte of the University of EdinburghRead MoreEssay on Dinosaurs964 Words   |   4 Pages Just as most dinosaurs are believed to be wild and mean, most are. Unlike the wild and ferocious Tyrannosaurus Rex, the Velociraptor, is a smaller, agile dinosaur. The Brontosaurus can be found with the bigger, more gentle dinosaurs. The Tyrannosaurus Rex, Velociraptor, and Brontosaurus differ greatly in their body structure, diet, and discovery. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Tyrannosaurus Rex was a very large dinosaur. Measuring 50 feet long, the Tyrannosaurus stood over 20 feet tall. TheRead MoreThe Extinction Of Dinosaurs904 Words   |  4 Pages Cribbins 1 Hook. The extinction of dinosaurs is a mystery in itself that has stumped scientists all over the world for decades, and they still look for new answers every day. Scientists know some background information, but cannot connect the dots to see the bigger picture. There was little interest in the topic until Luis and Walter Alvarez proposed a groundbreaking hypothesis, which today we call the â€Å"Alvarez Hypothesis†. This new idea of the Alvarez’s was exciting, and therefore gotRead MoreThe Geologic Scale Of Dinosaurs1419 Words   |  6 Pagesfood, or the environment changes making it hard for some organisms to survive the new environment (Ghose). Dinosaurs started developing after a mass extinction of the Paleozoic Era just about 125 million years ago. Dinosaurs lived through the Mesozoic Era then later died off during another mass extinction about 65 million years ago, starting the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. Almost all dinosaurs and half of the other plants and animals went extinct, some scientist think that an asteroid hit the earth